INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity, as defined by the Convention of Biological Diversity (CDB), refers to “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems” (CDB). Generally, it refers to the diversity of ecosystems and the variety of life on Earth.

Biodiversity conservation plays a fundamental role in maintaining the health of the planet and ensuring the well-being of all species, including humans. It is vital for ecological, economic, cultural, and ethical reasons as it ensures the sustainability of ecosystems and benefits both present and future generations. Protecting biodiversity is a global responsibility and a key component of sustainable development.

Georgia, which is situated in the Caucasus eco-region, is identified as one of WWF's 35 "priority places" and encompasses two of the 34 globally recognized "biodiversity hotspots": the Caucasus and Iran-Anatolian hotspots. Nestled in the mountainous expanse of the South Caucasus, Georgia boasts a remarkable level of biodiversity, featuring abundant endemic species, rare habitat types, and diverse ecosystems.

According to Georgia’s Sixth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity 2014‒ 2018, while providing an exact assessment of the status of Georgia's biodiversity is challenging due to the absence of systematic data collection on ecosystem conditions, habitats, and species, coupled with the incomplete operationalization of the national biodiversity monitoring system, it is estimated that around 60% of the total endemic plant species face threats. These threats stem from disturbances to their habitats, excessive utilization, pathogenic factors, and other pressures. Invertebrate populations across various groups are adversely affected by the encroachment into natural and semi-natural habitats, as well as intensified agricultural practices. Georgia's forests have experienced significant degradation, attributed to unsustainable logging, overgrazing, and inadequate management practices. Additionally, pollution poses a substantial threat to numerous species associated with Georgia's wetlands. While Georgia is a member of many international conventions related to biodiversity, public awareness about the value of biodiversity is still low. Moreover, the value of biodiversity is not sufficiently reflected in government policies, strategies and programs. The country lacks resources to enforce regulations and implement procedures that are designed to safeguard biodiversity.

The purpose of this policy brief is to underscore the significance of biodiversity, examine its current state, discuss primary threats to biodiversity and recommend actions that can contribute to biodiversity conservation in Georgia.